References
“It is always controversial and challenging to recommend against the use of interventions that are already established in the market. Guideline groups may be reluctant to make strong recommendations against the continued use of interventions where there is little reliable evidence of effectiveness but also no clear evidence of ineffectiveness and harm. Such reluctance is likely driven both by the wish to avoid withholding treatments that may be of benefit and by the agendas of professional groups and other stakeholders. However, the costs associated with LBP treatment have spiraled in recent decades and yet no major impact has been made in associated levels of disability. Logically, this speaks to a problem of over treatment; to an expanding global clinical industry, sections of which may be supported only by the confounders of natural recovery, regression to the mean and internal study biases, rather than genuine clinical utility”
Source:
O'Connell, Neil & Cook, Chad & Wand, Benedict & Ward, Stephen. (2017). Clinical guidelines for low back pain: A critical review of consensus and inconsistencies across three major guidelines. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 30. 10.1016/j.berh.2017.05.001. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317507418_Clinical_guidelines_for_low_back_pain_A_critical_review_of_consensus_and_inconsistencies_across_three_major_guidelines
Some references are given in individual explanation pages themselves. These are the rest:
Back Pain:
Rathod A K, Dhake R P (April 04, 2018) Radiographic Incidence of Lumbar Spinal Instability in Patients with Non-spondylolisthetic Low Backache. Cureus 10(4): e2420. doi:10.7759/cureus.2420
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Low-Back-Pain-Fact-Sheet
Xrays with degenerative disease: Perera, Romain & Dissanayake, Poruwalage & Senarath, Upul & Wijayaratne, Lalith & Karunanayake, Aranjan & Dissanayake, Vajira. (2017). Associations between disc space narrowing, anterior osteophytes and disability in chronic mechanical low back pain: A cross sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 18. 10.1186/s12891-017-1562-9.
Stratford PW, Riddle DL. A Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire Target Value to Distinguish between Functional and Dysfunctional States in People with Low Back Pain. Physiother Can. 2016;68(1):29–35. doi:10.3138/ptc.2014-85
https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Exam/SnsryExm.htm
mimicking disc herniation: https://misjournal.net/article/view/2036
Treatment for acute and subacute pain and chronic back pain:
Borczuk P. An evidence-based approach to the evaluation and treatment of low back pain in the emergency department. Emerg Med Pract. 2013 Jul;15(7):1-23; Quiz 23-4. Epub 2013 Jun 10.
https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2603228/noninvasive-treatments-acute-subacute-chronic-low-back-pain-clinical-practice
https://www.spine.org/Research-Clinical-Care/Quality-Improvement/Clinical-Guidelines
Malfliet A, Ickmans K, Huysmans E, et al. Best Evidence Rehabilitation for Chronic Pain Part 3: Low Back Pain. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):1063. Published 2019 Jul 19. doi:10.3390/jcm8071063
https://www.spine.org/Portals/0/assets/downloads/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/Spondylolisthesis.pdf
https://www.spine.org/Portals/0/assets/downloads/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/LowBackPain.pdf
https://www.guidelinecentral.com/summaries/low-back-pain-medical-treatment-guidelines/#section-420
http://content.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/get/pdf/2653
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214031X18300883
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214031X18300883
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Low-Back-Pain-Fact-Sheet#3102_7
JP Caneiro et alEvaluation of implicit associations between back posture and safety of bending and lifting in people without pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain | Volume 18: Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2018-0056 | Published online: 09 Jul 2018
Kushchayev SV, Glushko T, Jarraya M, et al. ABCs of the degenerative spine. Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):253–274. doi:10.1007/s13244-017-0584-z
Behavior Therapy/Pain management education:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212144719301528
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23328343/
https://www.actmindfully.com.au/upimages/2016_Complete_Worksheets_for_Russ_Harris_ACT_Books.pdf
https://www.actmindfully.com.au/upimages/Nuts_and_Bolts_of_Creative_Hopelessness_-_May_2017_version.pdf
https://www.tamethebeast.org/#tame-the-beast
https://oregon.providence.org/our-services/p/providence-persistent-pain/persistent-pain-toolkit/patient-and-families-toolkit/
McLeod, S. A. (2018, Oct 08). Pavlov's dogs. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html
CBT: Groot, D., van Hooff, M.L., Kroeze, R.J. et al. Long-term results of an intensive cognitive behavioral pain management program for patients with chronic low back pain: a concise report of an extended cohort with a minimum of 5-year follow-up. Eur Spine J 28, 1579–1585 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-05967-6
Exercises:
Majeed A S, Ts A, Sugunan A, Ms A. The effectiveness of a simplified core stabilization program (TRICCS-Trivandrum Community-based Core Stabilisation) for community-based intervention in chronic non-specific low back pain. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019;14(1):86. Published 2019 Mar 22. doi:10.1186/s13018-019-1131-z
Exercises for low back and upper back pain: Relay health physical therapy from UCSF
walking : Vanti C1, Andreatta S. The effectiveness of walking versus exercise on pain and function in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Disabil Rehabil. 2019 Mar;41(6):622-632. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1410730. Epub 2017 Dec 5.
Manipulation: Rubinstein SM, de Zoete A, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Benefits and harms of spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019;364:l689. Published 2019 Mar 13. doi:10.1136/bmj.l689
https://www.orthoinfo.org/globalassets/pdfs/2017-rehab_spine.pdf
Tests:
Choosing widely guidelines for back pain
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214031X18300883
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893484/. Kushchayev SV, Glushko T, Jarraya M, et al. ABCs of the degenerative spine. Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):253–274. doi:10.1007/s13244-017-0584-z
http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-association-of-neuromuscular-electrodiagnostic-medicine/
https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-sept/when-to-refer-patients-with-pain-for-emg
Medicines for Chronic Back Pain:
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al, for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:514–530. [Epub ahead of print 14 February 2017]. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2367
Source: Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, et al. Systemic Pharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:480–492. [Epub ahead of print 14 February 2017]. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2458
Procedures/ surgeries:
https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article/80/5/701/3073726
adjacent segment disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671141/
http://content.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/get/pdf/2653
https://www.guidelinecentral.com/summaries/low-back-pain-medical-treatment-guidelines/#section-date
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6823012/
Lee JC, Choi SW. Adjacent Segment Pathology after Lumbar Spinal Fusion. Asian Spine J. 2015;9(5):807–817. doi:10.4184/asj.2015.9.5.807
James D. Artuso, M.D. Back Pain and Needles: Epidural Steroid Injections for Radicular Back Pain. The Journal Of Lancaster General Health. Fall 2007 - Vol.2, No.3.
Venbrux A.C., Brozyna J.M., Primakov D., Olan W.J. (2012) Spine Pain Management. In: Ignacio E., Venbrux A. (eds) Women’s Health in Interventional Radiology. Springer, New York, NY
Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality (AHRQ) National Guideline Clearinghouse. Low Back Pain Medical Treatment Guidelines. 2013.
Chou R, Atlas SJ, Stanos SP. Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: A review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Spine. 2009; 34(10):1078-1093.
DePalma MJ, Slipman CW. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with epidural steroid injections. Spine J. 2008; 8:45-55.
Genevay S, Atlas SJ. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010; 24(2):253-265. Goodman BS, Posecion LWF, Mallempati S, et al. Complications and pitfalls of lumbar interlaminar and
transforaminal epidural injections. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2008; 1:212-222.
Huston CW. Cervical epidural steroid injections in the management of cervical radiculitis: Interlaminar versus
transforaminal. A Review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009; 2(1):30-42.
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult Acute and Subacute Low Back Pain Fifteenth Edition.
www.icsi.org. January 2012.
Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, et al. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional
techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2009; 12:699-802.
Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Part II, Guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician. 2013; 16:S49-S283.
Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, et al. Management of pain of post lumbar surgery syndrome: one-year results of a randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections. Pain Physician. 2010; 13:509-521.
Mendoza-Lattes S, Weiss A, Found E, et al. Comparable effectiveness of caudal vs. transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Iowa Orthop J. 2009; 29:91-96.
North American Spine Society (NASS). Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy. 2012.
North American Spine Society (NASS). Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines for Multidisciplinary Spine Care: Diagnosis and Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. www.spine.org. Revised 2011.
North American Spine Society (NASS). Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: Review and Recommendation Statement. January 2013.
ODG- Official Disability Evidence-Based Guideline, 22nd annual edition. 2017.
Parr AT, Diwan S, Abdi S. Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower
extremity pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician. 2009; 12:163-188.
Qassem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute and chronic low back pain: A
clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. April 4, 2017; 166(7):514-530. Sculco AD, Paup DC, Fernhall B, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on low back pain patients in treatment. Spine J.
2001 Mar-Apr; 1(2):95-101.
Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Wu YA, et al. Long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: 8 to 10 year results from the Maine lumbar spine study. Spine. 2005; 30(8): 936-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15834339.
Andersen T, Christensen FB, Laursen M, et al. Smoking as a predictor of negative outcome in lumbar spinal fusion. Spine. 2001; 26(23):2623-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725245.
Bogduk N, Andersson G. Is spinal surgery effective for back pain? F1000 Med Rep. 2009 Jul 27; 1:60.
Brox JI, Nygaard OP, Holm I, et al. Four-year follow-up of surgical versus non-surgical therapy for chronic low back
pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Sep; 69(9):1643-8.
Carreon LY, Glassman SD, Howard J. Fusion and nonsurgical treatment for symptomatic lumbar degenerative disease: A systematic review of Oswestry Disability Index and MOS Short Form-36 outcomes. Spine J. 2008; 8(5):747-755. http://www.thespinejournalonline.com/article/S1529-9430(07)00269-0/abstract
Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, et al. Surgery for low back pain: A review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Spine. 2009; 34(10):1094-109.
Delitto A, Piva SR, Moore CG, et al. Surgery versus nonsurgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Apr 7; 162(7):465-73.
Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI, Kreuter, et al. Trends, major medical complications, and charges associated with surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in older adults. JAMA. 2010; 303(13):1259-1265.
Eck JC, Sharan A, Ghogawala Z, et al. Guideline update for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine: Part 7: Lumbar fusion for intractable low-back pain without stenosis or spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014 Jul; 21(1):42-7.
Endler P, Ekman P, Moler H, et al. Outcomes of posterolateral fusion with and without instrumentation and of interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis: A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 May 3; 99(9):743- 52.
Epstein NE. More risks and complications for elective spine surgery in morbidly obese patients. Surg Neurol Int. 2017; 8:153.
Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, et al. Lumbar disc nomenclature: Version 2.0: Recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine J. 2014 Nov 1; 14(11):2525-45.
Fritzell P, Wessberg,P, Nordwall A. Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group: Lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain – A multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine. 2001; 26(23): 2521-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725230.
Genevay S., Atlas,SJ. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010; 24(2):253-265. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001.
Glassman SD, Anagnost SC, Parker A, et al. The effect of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on spinal fusion. Spine. 2000; 25(20):2608-15. http://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2000/10150/The_Effect_of_Cigarette_Smoking_and_Smoking.11 .aspx.
Hermann PC, Webler M, Bornemann R, et al. Influence of smoking on spinal fusion after spondylodesis surgery: A comparative clinical study. Technol Health Care. 2016 Sep 14; 24(5):737-44.
Kreiner DS, Hwang SW, Easa JE, et al. An evidence based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014 Jan; 14(1):180-91.
Kreiner DS, Shaffer WO, Baisden JL, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatmentof degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J. 2013; 13(7):734-43.
Kwon BK, Hilibrand AS, Malloy K, et al. A critical analysis of the literature regarding surgical approach and outcome for adult low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005; 18(1):S30-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699803.
Mannion AF, Brox JI, Fairbank JC. Long-term results of all RCTs show that fusion is no better than non-operative care in improving pain and disability in chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2016; 16:588-90.
Matz PG, Meagher RJ, Lamer T, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis 2nd Edition. North American Spine Society. 2014:1-121. https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/Spondylolisthesis.pdf.
Matz PG, Meagher RJ, Lamer T, et al. Guideline summary review: An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Spine J. 2016 Mar; 16(3):439-48.
North American Spine Society (NASS). Clinical Guidelines for Multidisciplinary Spine Care: Diagnosis and Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2009.03.016.
Patel RA, Wilson FR, Patel PA. The effect of smoking on bone healing, A systematic Review. Bone Joint Res. 2013; 2(6):102-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23836474.
Puvanesarajah V, Shen FH, Cancienne JM, et al. Risk factors for revision surgery following primary adult spinal deformity surgery in patients 65 years and older. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016; 25(4):486-493.
Tosteson ANA, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical treatment of spinal stenosis with and without degenerative spondylolisthesis: Cost-effectiveness after 2 years. Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149(2):845-853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658642.
Tosteson ANA, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al. Comparative effectiveness evidence from the spine patient outcomes research trial: Surgical versus nonoperative care for spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, and intervertebral disc herniation. Spine. 2011; 36(24):2061-2068.
Trumees E, Prather H, eds: Orthopedic Knowledge Update: Spine 5. Rosemont, IL, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2017; pp 220 and pp 465-471.
Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(22):2257-2270. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070302.
Yavin D, Casha S, Wiebe S, et al. Lumbar fusion for degenerative disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2017 May 1; 80(5):701-15.
Chou R, Huffman LH. Guideline for the evaluation and management of low back pain. Evidence review. May 13, 2009. http://www.americanpainsociety.org/. Accessed November 20, 2013
Falco FJ, Patel V, Hayek SM, et al. Intrathecal infusion systems for long-term management of chronic non-cancer pain: An update of assessment of evidence. Pain Physician. 2013; 16(2 Suppl):SE185-216. http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/. Accessed November 18, 2013.
Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: Guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician. 2013a; 16:S49-283. http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/. Accessed November 18, 2013
Surgery vs conservative therapy in 8-11 years (no better):
Review of European randomized trials:
Anne F. Mannion, Jens Ivar Brox, Jeremy C.T. Fairbank, Comparison of spinal fusion and nonoperative treatment in patients with chronic low back pain: long-term follow-up of three randomized controlled trials, The Spine Journal, Volume 13, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 1438-1448, ISSN 1529-9430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.101. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1529943013012230)
2016 commentary: http://www.qsphysio.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mannion-et-comm-fusion-vs-cons-2016.pdf, regarding an essentially observational non randomized additional 2016 swedish study https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1529943015013716)
Mirza, Sohail K., MD, MPH. Systematic Review of Randomized Trials Comparing Lumbar Fusion Surgery to Nonoperative Care for Treatment of Chronic Back Pain. Spine: April 1, 2007 - Volume 32 - Issue 7 - p 816-823. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000259225.37454.38; https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2007/04010/Systematic_Review_of_Randomized_Trials_Comparing.18.aspx
Effectively Non randomized US trials:
Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Tosteson A, Abdu WA, Zhao W, Morgan TS. Long-term outcomes of lumbar spinal stenosis: Eight-year results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015. 40: 63-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288009/
Surgery better at 8 years for degnerative spondylolisthesis and carefully selected disc herniation (effectively non-randomized US based):
Abdu WA, Sacks OA, Tosteson ANA, et al. Long-Term Results of Surgery Compared With Nonoperative Treatment for Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(23):1619–1630. doi:10.1097/BRS.00000000000026821. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6185822/
Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Tosteson AN, et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: eight-year results for the spine patient outcomes research trial [published correction appears in Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Jan;40(1):E59]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(1):3–16. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000088. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921966/
Failed Back:
for failed back after prior spine surgery and which questionnaires to use:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6398030/
AND
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6644221/
https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(08)00043-0/pdf
long term outcomes of spinal surgery,
better for leg pain than for back pain and disability:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00586-018-5680-3
Long-term follow-up suggests spinal fusion is associated with increased adjacent segment disc degeneration but without influence on clinical outcome: Results of a combined follow-up from 4 randomized controlled trials. Mannion A, et al. Spine 2014;39(17):1373-83.
Maintaining back pain free status:
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Low-Back-Pain-Fact-Sheet#3102_7
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